Bloc béton?



LA MISE EN ŒUVRE DU BLOC BÉTON


Après le séchage complet de la fondation (28 jours), on trace l'implantation du mur , grâce à du bleu à tracer, en matérialisant l' épaisseur du bloc ainsi que les différentes ouvertures des portes (le bloc sera posé au centre de la fondation).on étale un lit de mortier, d'une épaisseur suffisante afin de caler les premiers blocs (épaisseur de mortier de 3 à 4 cm) les deux ou trois premiers rangs (partie enterrée) seront en blocs pleins (conseillés car plus résistant à la pression et plus étanches qu'un parpaing classique).

Un joint anticapilarité, (soit mortier hydrofuge, soit feutre spécial) qui formera une barrière étanche (arase étanche), sera posé ,à 15 cm minimum du sol, entre les blocs pour éviter les remontées d'eau (remontée capillaire) par le sol. Il sera posé au dessus de la dalle en béton.

Un chaînage est obligatoire tout le long du mur (bloc de chaînage + armature) au dessus des deux ou trois premiers rangs au dessus de la fondation.

La pose s'effectue à joints croisés,au minimum de la largeur du bloc (le bloc creux se pose sur le mortier du côté creux). Avant de réaliser le premier rang ,on placera a l'extrémité de chaque mur un bloc creux, en ajustant l'horizontalité (longueur et largeur du mur) en tendant ,sur la face externe, un cordeau (ficelle) .

Un lit de mortier sera ensuite étalé tout au long de la fondation afin de continuer la réalisation du mur. Les joints verticaux seront remplis et bourrés à l'aide d'une truelle.

Le joint des autres rangs sera d'une épaisseur de 1,5 cm au minimum.

Dans les angles, un bloc spécial (bloc angle) sera posé , dans lequel, on réalisera un chaînage vertical ( armature spéciale) relié de la semelle de fondation au chaînage horizontal (avant le coulage de la fondation, l'armature de chaînage sera reliée à la semelle de fondation, dépassant de 50 à 60 cm ) . Par la suite, du béton sera coulé à l'intérieur du bloc d' angle.

Lorsque le mur de construction dépasse une longueur de trois mètres sans ouverture, il est impératif de réaliser un chaînage vertical, relié également au chaînage horizontal.

Pour les ouvertures (fenêtres, portes,...), il existe des pré linteaux , de différentes dimensions, qui serviront de fond de coffrage lors du coulage du béton (remplace les planches de coffrage en bois).

Par jour, 5 à 6 rangs maximum peuvent être élevés ,afin de limiter de trop pesés sur les joints qui ne durcissent qu'en plusieurs heures (pour pallier le problème de compression sur les joints).

Un trait bleu sera tracé sur les blocs à un mètre du sol fini, sur le pourtour intérieur des pièces. Il servira de repère pour les autres corps de métier, ainsi que pour les ouvertures, les linteaux,le dallage,...

Un bloc béton est classé B40, mais un séchage plus long lui permettra d'obtenir un classement B60 c'est à dire de devenir un bloc beaucoup plus résistant.

LA RT 2005

Un bloc béton a besoin d'un isolant ,soit un doublage ou soit une laine minérale, pour suivre la règlementation thermique 2005 :

Pour un mur en contact avec l'extérieur il faut un U (coefficient d'isolation thermique d'une paroi, plus la valeur U est petite meilleur est son isolation thermique) d' une valeur minimum pour construire de 0,45 W/m2K (garde fou, valeur minimum obligatoire) mais la valeur de référence (minimum conseillé) est de 0,36 W/m2K en zone

h1,h2,h3 à plus de 800m d'altitude et de 0,40 W/m2K en zone h3 à moins de 800 m ou égale.
Exemple de valeurs U avec différents isolants bloc creux de 20 + doublage polystyrène expansé th38 10+80 U = 0,39
bloc creux de 20 + doublage polystyrène expansé th38 10+100 U = 0,33
bloc creux de 20 + doublage laine minérale 0.034 W/(m.k) 10+80 U = 0,36
bloc creux de 20 + doublage laine minérale 0.034 W/(m.k) 10+100 U = 0,30
bloc creux de 20 + BA 13 sur ossature métallique avec lame d'air non ventilée
et laine minérale ep 85 mm de 0.036 W/(m.k) U = 0,34
bloc creux de 20 + BA 13 sur ossature métallique avec lame d'air non ventilée
et laine minérale ep 100 mm de 0.036 W/(m.k) U = 0,29

LA DÉMARCHE HQE (haute qualité environnementale)

Considéré souvent à tort comme un élément non environnementale, le bloc béton possède plusieurs atouts l'inscrivant ainsi dans une démarche HQE.

En effet, le bloc béton est essentiellement composé de matières premières naturelles (94% granulats et 6% de ciment et d'eau) abondantes sur terre dont l'extraction est contrôlé (les carrières sont soumises à des conditions strictes de réaménagement).

Bien sûr, le ciment est un très grand consommateur d'énergie mais il ne représente que 6 % dans la composition d'un bloc béton.

Sa fabrication nécessite une faible consommation d'énergie,de plus, il existe plusieurs usines en France de

fabrique de blocs limitant ainsi les transports (peu de consommation d'énergie pour acheminer le produit).

Le peu de rebuts sont recyclés en usine pour fabriquer des blocs ou utilisés comme matériaux de remblayage .

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